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Vol. 27 No. l
(June, 2009)
Vol. 27 No. 2
(Sep., 2009)
Vol. 27 No. 3
(Dec., 2009)
VOl. 27 No. 4
(Mar., 2010)
VOl. 27 No. 5
(June, 2010)
Vol. 27 No. 6
(Sep., 2010)
Vol. 27 No. 7
(Dec., 2010)
Vol. 27 No. 8
(Mar., 2011)

Vol. 27 No. 1 (June, 2009)

  1. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    Hattori, Tadasu
    Title:
    Occurences of V-te-iru and V-te-oru in the Minutes of the National Diet of Japan since 1947
    Pages:
    1-17
    Keywords:
    iru, oru, the Japanese Diet records, frequeny, honorific functions, diachronic survey
    Abstract:
    This paper investigates the diacronic frequency changes in two auxiliary verbs (-te) iru and (-te) oru as they appear in the official records of the Japanese Diet since 1947. The results showed a general tendency in which the use of -te iru gradually replaced that of te-oru. The data also showed a remarkable difference in the speed of the shift between the polite style (-te iru) and the non-polite style (te-oru), as well as in the past, present, and negative forms of the non-polite style.

  1. Classification:
    PAPER
    Author:
    Kang KyungWan
    Title:
    The Polysemy of Social Connotation: in example of FUTSU NO HITO
    Pages:
    35-59
    Descriptors:
    social connotation, denotation, discursive meaning, polysemy, corpus semantics, newspaper corpus
    Abstract:
    Using the collocation FUTSU NO HITO (ordinary person) as an example, I disserted about social connotation, which is one kind of connotation of a word closely related to denotation. Social connotation refers to the connotation attached to a word due its discursive use, which is a reflection of the way the object it stands for is perceived in the society. As already proposed on Kang (2009), by applying the following three steps sampling method -- extraction of the discursive meaning -> extraction of the discursive meaning tendency -> extraction(assumption and confirmation) of the social connotation -- on a newspaper corpus (understood here as a collection of discourses), and using the collocation FUTSU NO HITO as an example, I demonstrated that its social connotation is polysemous, and, furthermore, that its polysemy is originated in the relativity of the denotation, as shown as follows.

    1. Analyzing a newspaper corpus of six years, it was possible to identify seven different discursive meaning tendencies for the collocation FUTSU NO HITO: (1) -- people who suffered some kind of damage or influence from war, misgovernment, accidents; (2) -- people who do not have expertise, understanding or interest in any specific subject, and therefore are not capable of professional judgment or actions; (3) -- people who do not have any kind of particular or unusual characteristic, who behave and make choices normally; (4) -- people who are aware of and respect the common sense and morality; (5) -- people who are healthy both mentally and physically, being able to lead regular lives; (6) -- people who lead steady lives; (7) -- people who do not have any special or unusual ability, appearance or experiences.

    2. We can infer that the seven discursive meaning tendencies above make and maintain three social connotation with different valuation as follows: (2)(3)(7) - implies that being ordinary could be negatively accepted; (4)(5)(6) - implies that being ordinary could be positively accepted; (1) - implies that being ordinary could be sympathetically accepted.

    3. The social connotation of FUTSU NO HITO is polysemous because the denotation of being considered ordinary in some aspect is relative.

    If a comparison is made between a FUTSU NO HITO and an expert of some kind or a person of unusual ability, the social connotation in which being ordinary could be negatively accepted comes out. On the other hand, if an ordinary person is compared to somebody considered inferior in some way, either in health or moral precepts, a criminal or someone who is not capable of leading a steady life, the social connotation in which being ordinary could be positively accepted presents itself. These opposite social connotations are based on the relativity of excellence and inferiority that occurs in the denotation of FUTSU NO HITO.

    Moreover, by comparing the FUTSU NO HITO to politicians, industrialists or great leaders of the financial world, who are considered being powerful figures, the ordinary person appears as a weaker existence, and then the social connotation in which being ordinary could be sympathetically accepted arises. This is the relativity of strength and weakness in the denotation of FUTSU NO HITO.

  2. Classification:
    NOTE
    Author:
    LEE Jae-Ho
    Title:
    Development of Annotated Japanese-learner Corpus
    Pages:
    60-72
    Descriptors:
    KY Corpus; Learners' Corpus; Morphological Analysis; KWIC Tool
    Abstract:
    We developed a tagged corpus for Japanese learners in this study as well as a KeyWord In Context (KWIC) concordance tool for retrieving data from the corpus. Corpus-based studies for language learners have become increasingly more important. However, most studies on Japanese-learner corpora are based on plain text data, which does not allow us to search for abstract objects that cannot be reduced to specific sequences. Furthermore, they often depend on manually collected data, which tends to be unreliable from a quantitative viewpoint. With this in mind, we used the ChaSen morphological analyzer to tag the KY corpus, one of the most commonly used Japanese-learner corpora, with part-of-speech information. The result includes a certain amount of errors because the corpus, by necessity, contains a number of speech errors and the analyzer is primarily designed for written, rather than spoken, data. These errors were manually corrected and at the same time, the speech errors were manually specified. We also used the Japanese Bunrui Goi Hyo thesaurus to tag the data with semantic categories.

    In tandem with creating the tagged corpus, we also developed a KWIC tool for retrieving information from our corpus. The tool was developed on Microsoft Excel so that it can be easily downloaded and executed by a wide range of researchers. In addition, any search results can be saved as a spreadsheet for further analyses. Our data and tools have been made available online in order to stimulate corpus-based studies on second language acquisition and related fields.


Vol. 27 No. 3 (December, 2009)

  1. Classification:
    PAPER
    Author:
    INOUE Fumio
    Title:
    Linguistic Change by Late Adoption: Genealogy of prefix o in public opinion polls
    Pages:
    81-103
    Descriptors:
    honorifics; o, go; real time; apparent time; repetitive survey; age grading;late adoption
    Abstract:
    This paper is intended as a contribution for variation theory in sociolinguistics. Here social variation is interpreted as phenomena of linguistic change in progress, but age difference is not interpreted simply as a representation of linguistic change. Distinction between real time and apparent time is important, and attention should also be paid to age grading phenomenon and late adoption.

    In this study, the so-called honorific or beautifying prefix o is investigated. In order to observe linguistic variation in real time, data from opinion polls carried out by the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the Ministry of Education over one decade was analyzed. Many words with o were found to increase in use over one decade. This tendency suggests that the function of o has changed from honorific prefix to beautifying prefix. The data sorted according to frequency of use showed that words with o form a continuum, and that the use of o increased over the decade. As expected, large gender differences were seen. Age-grading and late adoption were also observed, with a highest use of o as a beautifying prefix being seen by housewives in the 30 to 40 age group. Further study to investigate the historical process of the increase in use of the beautifying prefix o was advocated.

  2. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    OKANO Masao
    Title:
    Terms for Body Parts That Appears in Miyazawa Kenji's Fairy Tales
    Pages:
    104-119
    Descriptors:
    Body-Part Terminology; Miyazawa Kenji;Word List by Semantic Principles
    Abstract:
    This paper aims to identify the distribution pattern of words that refer to body parts in the 59 stories of Miyazawa Kenji. In the text, all the occurrences of nouns belonging to the category Nature and Natural Phenomena-body in Word List by Semantic Principles, Revised and Enlarged Edition (The National Institute for Japanese Language) were counted and aggregated into subcategories. The result shows that the vocabulary used to refer to the upper or front parts of the body has a higher frequency and is of a greater variety than that used to refer to the lower or back parts of the body. A similar inequality is found between the words used for the outside and inside of the body. Moreover, while the body words that were considered fundamental across genre were identified, some words displayed a peculiar distribution that can be characterized as being the feature of the analyzed text.

Vol. 27 No. 4 (March, 2010)

  1. Classification:
    PAPER
    Author:
    SON Youngsuk
    Title:
    Relation of Japanese Onomatopoeias and Gestures: A Multimedia Corpus-Based Quantitative Study of Japanese Television Broadcasts
    Pages:
    131-153
    Descriptors:
    expressive behavior; onomatopoeia; gesture; corpus linguistics; multimedia corpus; television broadcast
    Abstract:
    Multimedia corpus-based study of expressive behavior enables, using large amounts of real language data, to make a quantitative research and to analyze the relations between the constituents of expressive behavior, especially the relation of language and non-verbal communication, and the present paper is thereby a case analysis of onomatopoeia and gesture relations. Multimedia corpus is a database which enables two-way search for not only language data, but for a situation video and sound as well. For the present research Multimedia corpus of television broadcasts (Ishii, 2009), enlarged by the author of the paper, was used.

    The research indicated that there exists relation between the mimeticity of onomatopoeia (Tamori and Schourup 1999) and the co-occurrence rate of gestures, i.e. the higher mimeticity of onomatopoeia is, the more frequently these words are accompanied by gestures. This is a new discovery concerning onomatopoeia and gestures relation. This discovery shows the necessity to revise the results presented in Kita (1997, 2002) who studied the relation of onomatopoeia and iconic gestures collectively, and at the same time proves the usefulness of multimedia corpus-based expressive behavior studies.

    In the future, improvement of multimedia corpus used in this paper will make it possible to conduct various researches other than mimeticity study, and thus more thorough analysis of not only onomatopoeia and gesture relation, but of other expressive behavior constituents relations is expected to be rendered possible.


Vol. 27 No. 5 (June, 2010)

  1. Classification:
    PAPER
    Author:
    SHINYA Teruko
    Title:
    yntactic Analysis of Synonyms, jokyo and jotai: A Corpus-based Quantitative Comparison
    Pages:
    173-193
    Descriptors:
    jokyo, jotai, synonym, substantive, functional, dynamic, static
    Abstract:
    Based on a statistical investigation of a language corpus Kotonoha, this paper explores the differences between jokyo and jotai in semantic and syntactic properties. The results revealed that jokyo is dynamic state-oriented in meaning and more of a substantive word in function than jotai, while jotai is static state-oriented in meaning and more of a functional word than jokyo. Although jokyo and jotai share similar properties, the data showed a remarkable difference between them. The utilization study proved effective in discriminating between highly synonymous abstract nouns like jokyo and jotai.
  2. Classification:
    Book Review
    Author:
    ISHIWATA Toshio
    Title:
    Introduction to Syntactic Analysis. A Valency approach by Thomas Herbst / Susen Schuller, Theoretische und praktische Aspekte eines Valenzmodells In Gerhart Helbig (Hrsg,) Beitrage zur Valenztheorie by Gerhard Helbig
    Pages:
    194-195

Vol. 27 No. 6 (September, 2010)

  1. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    SHIBASAKI Hideko, and HARA Shinichiro
    Title:
    The Readability Formula to Predict School Grades 1-12 based on Japanese Language School Textbooks
    Pages:
    215-232
    Descriptors:
    readability, Japanese language, morphological analysis, school textbook corpus, reading comprehension
    Abstract:
    The present study examined the possibility to classify the readability of Japanese texts by levels of school grades 1- 12. Based on 338 school textbooks for the Japanese language (987,802 characters, 35,629 sentences), five independent variables were selected to predict school grades: (1) average number of characters in a sentence, (2) ratio of hiragana characters in a text, (3) ratio of Chinese words in a text, (4)average number of phrasal units in a sentence, and (5)average number of predicates in a sentence. A multiple regression analysis (exhaustive search) indicated three models. The first one is the cubic regression model with interaction terms, which showed the minimum numerical value of AIC (R2=0.690, AIC=1409.201). The second one is the quartic regression model (R2=0.668, AIC=1420.462). The third one is the cubic regression model with interaction terms (R2=0.668, AIC=1428.853). The result of measuring the readability of school textbooks by these three models was almost the same. It was also showed that the assessment of the relative difficulty of the text readability by these models was successful.
  2. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    NAGATA Mizue
    Title:
    Influences of the Differences of First-person Pronouns on the Impressions of a Speaker: Relation to Sex and Age of the Speaker
    Pages:
    233-242
    Descriptors:
    First-person pronoun, Impression, Speaker's sex, Speaker's age
    Abstract:
    This study examined the influence of the differences of first-person pronouns on the impression of a speaker according to his/her sex and age. The subjects first read the sentences spoken by a person describing himself/herself using one of the following six kinds of first-person pronouns: Boku, Ore, Taro(male proper noun), Watashi, Atashi, and Hanako(female proper noun). They then rated their impression of the speaker on the basis of the Big Five personality traits (extroversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness). The results of the examination indicated the following: (1) The differences of first-person pronouns affected the impression of the speaker's conscientiousness and agreeableness but not his/her extroversion, neuroticism, and openness; and (2) the influence of first-person pronouns differed according to the speaker's sex and age.

Vol. 27 No. 7 (December, 2010)

  1. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    SANO Motoki
    Title:
    Characteristic Linguistic Patterns of Evaluative Expressions in Blog Articles: An Exploration of the Relationship between Evaluative Criteria and the Explicitness/Implicitness of the Expressions from a Perspective of Appraisal Theory
    Pages:
    249-269
    Descriptors:
    Appraisal, evaluative expression, sentiment analysis, rhetoric, blog
    Abstract:
    This paper investigates the characteristic linguistic patterns of evaluative expressions in Japanese blog articles. The evaluative expressions contained in 160 Yahoo Blog! articles were analysed in terms of i) their polarity, ii) their evaluative criteria and iii) their explicitness/implicitness, employing the framework of Appraisal theory. The results obtained are as follows:
    1. there is a strong correspondence between the explicit expressions and one type of the evaluative criteria called attitude -- i.e. the criteria based on emotion;
    2. between judgement-- i.e. the criteria based on morality and ethics, and appreciation--i.e. the criteria based on aesthetics, importance and effectiveness, the judgement is often expressed implicitly in comparison to the appreciation.
    These results lead to theconclusion that in Japanese blog, the writers control the explicitness/implicitness of the expressions in accordance with the kinds of the evaluative criteria.
  2. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    NAKANISHI Kumiko
    Title:
    Actual Situation of Japanese Focus Particles Used by Japanese Learners as a Second Language and Native Japanese speakers
    Pages:
    270-282
    Descriptors:
    Focus Particles, Actual Situation of Japanese, Japanese Learners as a Second Language, Native Japanese speakers
    Abstract:
    In this article, I presented how focus particles, such as DAKE, SHIKA, BAKARI, KOSO, SAE, MADE, DEMO, NADO, NANKA, NANTE, KURAI, MO, and NARA, are used in modern Japanese by Japanese learners as a second language (JL) and by native Japanese speakers(NS), based on the investigation. This article is a report of the quantitative investigation using large amounts of real language corpus. The data are formally recorded spoken and written Japanese both by NS and JL. The investigation has some significant findings that have never mentioned in the previous researches concerning focus particles. As a result of the investigation, I concluded that how JL use focus particles is different from how NS use focus particles in the following four points;
    1. Contrary to JL, NS often use Verb + DAKEDA. JL often use Noun + DAKEDA.
    2. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particles such as DEMO and NADO to focus a theme.
    3. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particle MO to focus an extreme.
    4. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particles such as NADO and SAE to focus a complementary clause which means quoting.

Vol. 27 No. 8 (March, 2011)

  1. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    KIKUCHI Atsuko
    Title:
    Characteristics of Structure of Japanese Vocabulary Judged from the Semantic Field: From Measurement Comparison with Chinese Vocabulary
    Pages:
    305-316
    Descriptors:
    structure of Japanese vocabulary, Chinese vocabulary, contrast comparison, semantic field, synonym, word structure, word class
    Abstract:
    In this study, applying structural analysis method in each semantic field, I intend to search for characteristics of structure of Japanese vocabulary by extracting synonyms in the common semantic field between Japanese vocabulary and Chinese vocabulary and comparing their measurement. At first, from Japanese vocabulary and Chinese vocabulary I selected fifteen semantic fields at each part of speech. Then, in each semantic field, calculating the total number of synonyms, the rate of synonyms in each word structure, and the rate of Japanese in each word class, I considered characteristics of Japanese vocabulary.

    As an example of this analysis, I found out that Japanese had more nouns about weather, a life tool, and geographical features than Chinese because Japanese had many compound words and phrases, and that the semantic fields which had high rate of words of Japanese origin were action verb and sense adjective.

  2. Classification:
    REPORT
    Author:
    SAIKI Masanao, and IKEDA Shoju
    Title:
    Progression of Glyphs from Early Tang Standard to Kaicheng Standard
    Pages:
    317-328
    Descriptors:
    Chinese character (Hanzi), early Tang court manuscript, Kaicheng Stone Classics, Song printed works, standard of writing
    Abstract:
    This thesis talks about two problems which are about the glyphs of Chinese characters by using Hanzi Normative Glyphs (HNG).
    1. The difference between early Tang standard of writhing and Kaicheng standard.
    2. The adoption of the Kaicheng standard as the Song printed standard.

    To solve these two problems, we research 847 glyphs written only one in Lunyu of Kaicheng stone classics (Kaicheng Lunyu). To research the difference between early Tang standard of writhing and Kaicheng standard, we compared glyphs written Kaicheng Lunyu with that of three early Tang court manuscripts. Similarly, we compared glyphs written Kaicheng Lunyu with that of eight Song printed works to research the adoption of the Kaicheng standard as the Song printed standard. Through this research, the conclusions of two problems are:

    1. About the difference between early Tang standard of writing and Kaicheng standard, there are about 40 percent of different characters.
    2. There are over 80 percent of same characters between Kaicheng standard and Song printed works.

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