1. Analyzing a newspaper corpus of six years, it was possible to identify seven different discursive meaning tendencies for the collocation FUTSU NO HITO: (1) -- people who suffered some kind of damage or influence from war, misgovernment, accidents; (2) -- people who do not have expertise, understanding or interest in any specific subject, and therefore are not capable of professional judgment or actions; (3) -- people who do not have any kind of particular or unusual characteristic, who behave and make choices normally; (4) -- people who are aware of and respect the common sense and morality; (5) -- people who are healthy both mentally and physically, being able to lead regular lives; (6) -- people who lead steady lives; (7) -- people who do not have any special or unusual ability, appearance or experiences.

2. We can infer that the seven discursive meaning tendencies above make and maintain three social connotation with different valuation as follows: (2)(3)(7) - implies that being ordinary could be negatively accepted; (4)(5)(6) - implies that being ordinary could be positively accepted; (1) - implies that being ordinary could be sympathetically accepted.

3. The social connotation of FUTSU NO HITO is polysemous because the denotation of being considered ordinary in some aspect is relative.

If a comparison is made between a FUTSU NO HITO and an expert of some kind or a person of unusual ability, the social connotation in which being ordinary could be negatively accepted comes out. On the other hand, if an ordinary person is compared to somebody considered inferior in some way, either in health or moral precepts, a criminal or someone who is not capable of leading a steady life, the social connotation in which being ordinary could be positively accepted presents itself. These opposite social connotations are based on the relativity of excellence and inferiority that occurs in the denotation of FUTSU NO HITO.

Moreover, by comparing the FUTSU NO HITO to politicians, industrialists or great leaders of the financial world, who are considered being powerful figures, the ordinary person appears as a weaker existence, and then the social connotation in which being ordinary could be sympathetically accepted arises. This is the relativity of strength and weakness in the denotation of FUTSU NO HITO.

In tandem with creating the tagged corpus, we also developed a KWIC tool for retrieving information from our corpus. The tool was developed on Microsoft Excel so that it can be easily downloaded and executed by a wide range of researchers. In addition, any search results can be saved as a spreadsheet for further analyses. Our data and tools have been made available online in order to stimulate corpus-based studies on second language acquisition and related fields.

In this study, the so-called honorific or beautifying prefix o is investigated. In order to observe linguistic variation in real time, data from opinion polls carried out by the Agency for Cultural Affairs of the Ministry of Education over one decade was analyzed. Many words with o were found to increase in use over one decade. This tendency suggests that the function of o has changed from honorific prefix to beautifying prefix. The data sorted according to frequency of use showed that words with o form a continuum, and that the use of o increased over the decade. As expected, large gender differences were seen. Age-grading and late adoption were also observed, with a highest use of o as a beautifying prefix being seen by housewives in the 30 to 40 age group. Further study to investigate the historical process of the increase in use of the beautifying prefix o was advocated.

The research indicated that there exists relation between the mimeticity of onomatopoeia (Tamori and Schourup 1999) and the co-occurrence rate of gestures, i.e. the higher mimeticity of onomatopoeia is, the more frequently these words are accompanied by gestures. This is a new discovery concerning onomatopoeia and gestures relation. This discovery shows the necessity to revise the results presented in Kita (1997, 2002) who studied the relation of onomatopoeia and iconic gestures collectively, and at the same time proves the usefulness of multimedia corpus-based expressive behavior studies.

In the future, improvement of multimedia corpus used in this paper will make it possible to conduct various researches other than mimeticity study, and thus more thorough analysis of not only onomatopoeia and gesture relation, but of other expressive behavior constituents relations is expected to be rendered possible.

1. there is a strong correspondence between the explicit expressions and one type of the evaluative criteria called attitude -- i.e. the criteria based on emotion;
2. between judgement-- i.e. the criteria based on morality and ethics, and appreciation--i.e. the criteria based on aesthetics, importance and effectiveness, the judgement is often expressed implicitly in comparison to the appreciation.

1. Contrary to JL, NS often use Verb + DAKEDA. JL often use Noun + DAKEDA.
2. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particles such as DEMO and NADO to focus a theme.
3. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particle MO to focus an extreme.
4. Contrary to JL, NS often use focus particles such as NADO and SAE to focus a complementary clause which means quoting.

As an example of this analysis, I found out that Japanese had more nouns about weather, a life tool, and geographical features than Chinese because Japanese had many compound words and phrases, and that the semantic fields which had high rate of words of Japanese origin were action verb and sense adjective.

To solve these two problems, we research 847 glyphs written only one in Lunyu of Kaicheng stone classics (Kaicheng Lunyu). To research the difference between early Tang standard of writhing and Kaicheng standard, we compared glyphs written Kaicheng Lunyu with that of three early Tang court manuscripts. Similarly, we compared glyphs written Kaicheng Lunyu with that of eight Song printed works to research the adoption of the Kaicheng standard as the Song printed standard. Through this research, the conclusions of two problems are:

1. About the difference between early Tang standard of writing and Kaicheng standard, there are about 40 percent of different characters.
2. There are over 80 percent of same characters between Kaicheng standard and Song printed works.