This paper presents the results of a sociolinguistic investigation carried out in Hong Kong and South China to investigate code-switching and language consciousness among the people of these regions, and the data shows clear regional differences in the Functions of the Standard Chinese.

The following differences are observed.

1. Average degrees of conformity among 16 speakers and two dictionaries are: 82% (1 - 4 mora nouns), 77% (5 - 6 mora nouns), and 89% (basic nouns).
2. Generational and aerial differences are observed.
3. Word-accents of longer words tend to agree less than those of shorter words.
4. Zenkoku Akusento Jiten lists the accent of the younger generation. Nihon Kokugo Diajiten lists somewhat peculiar accent.

The author describes that these positions of adnominal constituents are effective in analyzing lexical semantics.

• Very frequent usage of verbs and nouns
• Wide usage of metaphorical expressions
• A wealth of vocabulary expressing love
• Many words expressing sorrow, sadness, loneliness more than any other kind of emotion.

The main purpose of this paper is to illustrate, based on empirical data, the existing relations between the changes in linguistic politeness and the changes in the society by investigating the changes and the declining process of the linguistic politeness in Chinese from the 14th century to the 90's of the 20th century, and the historical changes in the Chinese society.

First, data are collected from thirty novels written in the past seven hundred years since the 14th century and all the polite expressions (including the Appreciative Words and the Depreciative Words) employed in the dialogues in the novels are enumerated and the changes and decline are analysed. Then, the analyses are made on the process of the changes both in Chinese social structures and the ideology within the past seven hundred years. Finally by comparing the two, the paper reveals the three different phases of the linguistic politeness in its decline and also reveals the relationship between the linguistic politeness and the social changes.

The three phases of the decline and the extinction of the linguistic politeness:

1. The period of flourish: the 14th century -- the end of the 19th century. As shown in table 7, in this period the linguistic politeness in Chinese were employed widely and no much difference are found in different works in terms of historical period. This period covers three dynasties: the Yuan, the Ming and the Ching dynasty. At that time, the traditional Confucianism dominated the social and ethical values of the Chinese society. The linguistic politeness reflects the conformity with the doctrine of the Confucianism.
2. The period of decline: the first half of the 20th century. In this period, the declining tendency in the use of the linguistic politeness is evident and this coincides with the Republic of China. This period witnesses the Xinhai Revolution, the New Cultural Movement and the May 4 Democratic Movement, and China had undergone great changes both in social structure and in ethical value. This change can be seen in Table 7 that the linguistic politenesses also subject to the social changes in this period.
3. The period of extinction: the second half of the 20th century. The linguistic politeness in Chinese as a system no longer exists. The Appreciative Words except (gui - ) are no longer employed and the Depreciative Words all but have disappeared. This coincides with the People's Republic of China after the success of the communist revolution in China.

1. Five percent of the papers published after 1975 employ Multivariate Data Analysis in research.
2. The papers may be classified into two period: "special period" and "general period". And these two periods are divided by the mid 1980s.
3. During the "general period", the number of papers employing Multivariate Data Analysis in dialect studies increases dramatically.
4. There is a change in the research method after 1980. Before 1980, Factor Analysis is popular while Hayashi's Quantification Methods III becomes popular after 1980.
5. The majority of the writers are sociolinguists.
6. A large number of the papers are shared by the same authors.

1. define and manage the attribute information and codes with the help of Kanji database,
2. standardize the processing of data and attribute information through bifurcated management,
3. provide the country classification function in the case of multilingual Kanji database, and
4. carry out the optimal distribution of Kanji database to the client server system.

Of the 129 kanji searched for, examples were found for 34 characters, showing the value of electronic corpora as sources for studying the usage of low-frequency characters. However, a comparison of the characters found on the CD-ROM with their appearance in the printed newspaper showed many discrepancies between the character forms appearing in the two media.

Further, instances were identified in which characters of doubtful authenticity defined in JIS X0208 were substituted for standard characters which they resemble.

This study demonstrates the utility of text data available on CD-ROM, but indicates ways in which it does not reflect the printed form of the data, or standard usage.

In `monogatari', which had started as `Writing in the style of speaking,' differences in the style of description between conversational statements and narrative statements are not so big. We have made analysis of how these differences can be seen in case of Genji-Monogatari, with main emphasis on `auxiliary verbs.'

In case of Genji-monogatari, the differences in the usage frequency between the conversational statements and narrative statements can be found in the use of auxiliary verbs and verbs. More auxiliary verbs are used in conversational statements than in narrative statements through all the Volumes, and there are differences in the kinds of auxiliary verbs are used in conversational statements than in narrative statements through all the volumes, and there are differences in the kinds of auxiliary verbs to be used with high frequency between thsee two statements.

In case of `conversational statements,' the order of usage frequency can be found as `mu', `zu', `ki' and `bsei' (from higher to lower), most of which refer to the expression of feelings or emotions. This order can be found as `tari', `zu', `ri' and `keri' in `narrative statements', most of which refer to the expression of statements or explanaitons.

The dictionary links those synonyms to each other with so-called `see' reference. In this paper, the term which is referred to is called `main term', and the other `synonymous term'. It si assumed that the main term is more popular and cominant over synonymous term. And what kind of term is likely to be the main term (or synonynmous term) is examined from two points of view, i.e. the number of mora (phonetic word length of Japanese) and origins of words or `gosyu' (Chinese origined, Western-language origined, original Japanese, and their mixture). The results are

1. In the pair of synonyms, the term whose number of mora is smaller is likely to be the main term. The tendency becomes stronger as the number of mora of bigger one becomes bigger of the diffrence between them becomes bigger.
2. In the pair of synonyms one which is Western-langauge origined and the other of which is Chinese origined, the former is likely to be the main term. In the case of Chinese origined and original Japanese, the former is likely to be the main term. In addion, these tendencies become stronger when the numbers of mora of the formers are smaller than those of the latters.

1. Considering the age of respondent's group (about 20 years old), the Japanese students will tend to prefer revised to traditional form.
2. They will show, however, a weak tendency to prefer traditional to revised form, when neither are questionnaire presented alternate forms (revosed and traditonal) of the same charater, with instruction kto choose the ones that the respondents prefer to usse.

1. It turned out that there is a general tendency for the respondents to prefer revised to traditional forms whether or not the revised form is in the Joyo kanji list. Judging from the age of respondents' group ( about 20 years old), this result is what we expected.
2. It became clear, however, that revised forms are not always preferred, with some traditional forms showing a statistically significant tendency to be prefereed. For example, äÆ (the traditional form) 81% is in contrast to ϶ (the revised form) 19%. (Both äÆ and ϶ mean ``basket''.)

1. Neither of rht forms (revised or traditional) are in the Joyo kanji list,
2. The frequency of occurrence of the traditional form is high,
3. The difference in shape between the forms is notable.

The occurrence of kara in the temorau construction is generally understood to represent the transference of some concrete or abstract thing(s) from agent to beneficiary. As a result of the research mentioned above, this paper, however, will reveal that there are two parameters instead of one in the choice of kara as case marker for the agent in the temorau benefactive construction.

One of these parameters is determined by the case frame of the embedded verb, i.e. when the verb does not require the participant to become the beneficiary in the temorau construction in either the ni or o case, then kara is not applicable. The other parameter concerns the transference of some concrete or abstract thing(s) between agent and beneficiary, i.e. when the verb requires the beneficiary in its case frame, kara can be used, but only when such a transference exists, otherwise it cannot be used.

Three more subsidiary conditions, i.e. plurality of the agent, causativity of the temorau auxiliary verb, and the directness of the construction, are observed to function to accept kara case.