Mathematical Linguistics Vol. 18

Vol. 18 No. l (June, 1991)	Vol. 18 No. 2 (Sep., 1991)	Vol. 18 No. 3 (Dec., 1991)	Vol. 18 No. 4 (Mar., 1992)
Vol. 18 No. 5 (June, 1992)	Vol. 18 No. 6 (Sep., 1992)	Vol. 18 No. 7 (Dec., 1992)	Vol. 18 No. 8 (Mar., 1993)

Vol. 18 No. 1 (Jun. 13, 1991)

Classification:
paper
Author:
WATANABE Fumio
Title:
A Semantic Analysis of BAAI:an Approach to Japanese Conditionals
Pages:
1-8
Descriptors:
conditionals; logical structure; subordinate clause; successivity
Abstract:
Modern Japanese has several conditional particles, e.g. TARA, NARA, BA and TO, while the noun BAAI is used as a conditional connective form when it takes a relative subordinate clause. In this paper, I discuss the semantic properties of BAAI in the following structure [ Sl BAAI S2 ], compared with the structure of TARA-sentences. (Sl represents the subordinate clause in which the predicate takes the past form, and S2, the main clause.) The following three Points are central to my analysis.
(1) The semantic properties of the two structures are characterized by successivity between the two events of the subordinate clause and the main clause.
(2) The TARA-structure has a stronger constraint of successivity than the BAAI-structure.
(3) The constraint of successivity is reduced when the main clause of the BAAI-structure contains a negative Proposition which Prevents temporal specification.
Classification:
paper
Author:
OSHIMA Motoo
Title:
A Plan to Classify Japanese Nouns in Terms of Syntactic and Semantic Features:on So-Called ``Appositive Nouns''
Pages:
9-25
Descriptors:
noun classification; ``labelling''; noun modification; ``appositive'' noun modification
Abstract:
In Japanese, the relation that holds between the head noun and the clause that modifies it is divided into two major types: the ``inner relationship'' and the ``outer relationship''. There is a group of nouns called ``appositive'' nouns (e.g. jijitsu `fact' in taroo osanai onnanoko wo yuukaishita jijitsu `the fact that Taro kidnapped a young girl') among nouns that form the ``outer'' constructions. In this paper they are classified into several types in terms of the syntactic feature of the modifying clauses and the semantic relationship between the clauses and the head nouns. For the classification, two tests are used;
(1) whether the modifying clause can have a subject, and
(2) whether the (head) noun can be questioned by donna koto(literally, `what kind of thing').
By test (2), it can be judged whether the noun have the function ``labeling'' (``labeling'' is a semantic relation in which the noun paraphrases the content of the modifying clause). Further, the result of test (1) and (2) is subclassified in terms of the semantic feature of the nouns.
Classification:
note
Authors:
TOKUDA Katsumi and ENDO Naoko
Title:
Frequency of Words Concerned with Handicap in the Headline
Pages:
26-34
Descriptors:
newspaper; handicap; frequency; image; headline

Vol. 18 No. 2 (Sep. 13, 1991)

Classification:
paper
Authors:
TOKUNAGA Takenobu and TANAKA Hozumi
Title:
On Estimating Japanese Word Order Based on Valency Information
Pages:
53-65
Descriptors:
Japanese word order; valency; semantic marker; IPAL basic verb dictionary
Abstract:
This paper proposes an estimation model of the word order for Japanese simple sentences, which consist of several postpositional Phrases followed by a verb. In Japanese word order, the Postpositional phrase which has semantically loose relation with the verb, tends to Precede in the sentence. As each postpositional phrase is obtained, our model estimates the semantic type and the postposition of the following postpositional phrase by using this tendency. The model also gives an estimation about the verb, which locates in the end of the sentences in Japanese. The validity of our model is shown through an experiment with the IPAL basic verb dictionary.
Classification:
report
Author:
NAKANO Hirosi
Title:
Ellipsis of the Agent and the Patient in the te itadaku sentence
Pages:
66-79
Descriptors:
``itadaku''; ellipsis; agent; patient; speaker; hearer
Abstract:
The subject is not always necessary in the Japanese sentence; if it is obvious by the hearer, ellipsis is the more usual pattern. There are many ellipses in the `itadaku' sentence, because itadaku is a modesty word. I used Conversation Data from the ``Rokuonki'' Column of ``Gengo Seikatsu'' which contains a great number of running (total) words, slightly less than 500,000 (including auxiliaries and symbols). I got 351 samples of ``verb + te itadaku'', ``noun of action + o itadaku'' and ``stem of noun + itadaku''. And the number of ellipses is as follows.
```
	                  agent                     patient
                hearer 3rd-person total   speaker  relations hearer  total
ellipsis         276      21      297       332       2       1      335
appearance        25      29       54        13       2       1       16
```
These numbers show that ellipses of patient and agent are 95.4% and 94.6%. If the hearer as the agent or the speaker as the patient appear, that is the emphasis. The 3rd persons as agent were 4 doctors, 5 teachers and the god, and 53.7% of them appeared. The hearer as patient was found, but that was special pattern.
Classification:
report
Authors:
IZUMI Asako and MIZUTANI Sizuo
Title:
Supplement to `on sound-distribution in Tutui Yasutaka's ``Zanzo ni Kutibeni wo'' '
Pages:
80-83
Descriptors:
speech sound; vanishing of a sound; relative frequency; entropy
Classification:
note
Author:
ISII Hisao
Title:
On the lnquiries into the Frequency of Kanas and of Sounds in Modern Japanese
Pages:
84-95
Descriptors:
kana; speech sound; frequency

Vol. 18 No. 3 (Dec. 12, 1991)

Classification:
paper
Author:
MIZUTANI Sizuo
Title:
A Probe for an Interpretation System of Senryuu Poems in the Edo Priod
Pages:
99-119
Descriptors:
senryuu; language understanding; knowledge database; to liken; association; inference; analogy
Abstract:
Old senryuu, a sort of satire poems, are often said to be difficult to interpret mainly because of our lack of background knowledge concerning common sense in the period they were written. If so, part of construction of senryuu database and by adequate procedure based on analysis of their expression patterns to refer to the database. This would be an interesting problem of the so-called language understanding. In order to develop such technique a plan is discussed taking nine poems appended to this paper, and which is divided into two sub-databases on words and on facts. The former is mainly made analytical use of poem structures. The latter is for grasp of contents as matters and supplies us data to infer unexpressed events.
Classification:
paper
Author:
OGINO Shiho
Title:
Conjunction type and Modification Type of Japanese Quotation Marks
Pages:
120-135
Descriptors:
Japanese quotation marks; connectivity property; morphological analysis; adnominal; adverbial
Abstract:
In Japanese processing, Japanese quotation marks, called kakko, are often ignored (or deleted) in spite of information which they carry, for they seem to be used loosely. Practically, at least their connective property is indispensable.
In section 1, I make a set of initial rules based on the general properties of Japanese quotation marks. Then I apply these rules to real sentences containing Japanese quotation marks. We can see obvious difference in violation ratio of the initial rules between two data categories: newspaper articles and other texts. I discuss the difference in section 2. From section 3 to 5, I revise the initial rules to apply more generally.
Revised rules are effective to keep robustness (in other words, not to reject correct readings), rather than to select only one correct reading.
Classification:
report
Author:
HASUMI Youko
Title:
Difference of Expressions on the Same Information
Pages:
136-144
Descriptors:
the same information; expression; translation of classic literature; The Tale of GENJI; translation of ``The Tale of GENJI'' by Junichiro Tanizaki; translation of ``The Tale of GENJI'' by Akiko Yosano

Vol. 18 No. 4 (Mar. 13, 1992)

Classification:
paper
Author:
SHIMAMURA Naomi
Title:
Linguistic Life of Japanese University Students
Pages:
157-172
Descriptors:
university students; linguistic life; Japan
Abstract:
A survey of linguistic life was conducted on students of 35 universities in the Kanto area. We found that the primary factor of difference in linguistic life was their major (literal arts or sciences), rather than their orientation toward study (academil- or occupational). In addition, the type of work that they planned to choose after graduation had influence on their linguistic lives.
Classification:
report
Author:
NAKANO Hiroshi
Title:
The Refrain and the Distribution of Word Frequency in Japanese Children's Songs
Pages:
173-188
Descriptors:
children's song; distribution of word frequency; occurrences per word; coefficient of variation; coefficient of repeat of word; coefficient of change of subject; refrain; repeat of expresion
Abstract:
The distributions of word frequency have uncommon patterns in Japanese children's songs. The main causes are, they are short, and have many refrains and repeats of the same or similar expressions.
Occurrences per words (J), standard deviation of occurrences, coefficient of variation (C.V.), coefficient of repeat of words (R), and coefficient of change of subject (C2) were checked to indicate the phenomena. R is the arithmetic mean of the rate of the words which were used in just the previous line. C2 is the mean of the rate of the new words which were not used in the preceding lines.
Classification:
note
Authors:
YOSHIDA Masakazu, KOSHIBA Ryosuke and KURAUCHI Hidehumi
Title:
Measuring Method and Calculation:A Measuring Method of Handwriting with a Computer
Pages:
189-197
Descriptors:
handwriting; identification of handwriting; measuring letter

Vo. 18 No. 5 (Jun. 11, 1992)

Classification:
paper
Authors:
HASIMOTO Minako et AOYAMA Fumihiro
Title:
Three types of Adjectival Usage within a Clause
Pages:
201-214
Descriptors:
adjective; predicate; adnominal; adverbial; IPAL
Abstract:
It we restrict ourselves to syntactic behavior of Japanese adjectives within a clause, the following three types of usage need to be covered in the lexicon: predicational, adnominal, and adverbial. Although it is possible to further classify adjectives into seven classes in terms of these usage types, we conclude that five classes are sufficient to cover all actual usage. In this paper, we summarize the results and discuss the relationships, first between predicational and adnominal usage, then between adverbial and adnominal usage. Our conclusions can be summarized as follows:
(1) The range of adnominal usage is slightly greater than that of predicational usage.
(2) Adjectives, when used as adverbials, are sensitive to connotation.
(3) An adjective with an adverbial usage is assumed to also have an adnominal usage.
Classification:
report
Author:
YIM Young Cheol
Title:
The Consciousness-Structure and the Consciousness of Language of the Korean Residents Living in Japan and America
Pages:
215-230
Descriptors:
Korean residents living in Japan and America; consciousness-structure; consciousness of language; sociolinguistics
Abstract:
This paper is to investigate the relationship between the mental attitude and linguistic consciousness of the Korean residents living in Japan and America. My aim is to get the clear understanding upon the mutual relation between the mental attitude and the linguistic consciousness by analyzing the demographical data in the sociolinguistic perspective. Primarily I obtained the information questionnairing the 432 Korean residents in Japan and the 426 Korean residents in U. S. A. The consequences of my work are as follows.
(1) The Koreans in foreign country have the frequent occasion of the contact with their natives and easy access to their ethnic culture and their mother tongues. Nevertheless, they don't live gathering in the same area. Indeed, multi-locality is the characteristic phenomenon appearing to the Korean residents either in Japan or in U. S. A. of the high educational background, or the second-generation Koreans born in that country, or belonging to the high class society.
(2) The accommodation to the other culture happens more frequently to the people who belong to the similar culture, the male, the younger generation, or the highly-educated. Besides, on the part of the female, the old, or the low-educated it seems more easier to maintain the ethnic heritage.
(3) The Korean residents in in U. S. A. are more likely to be conscious of their ethnic origin than their Korean counterparts in Japan. As a consequence, the sense of national identity of the Koreans in America is more kept intact in their social environment or cultural surroundings than the Koreans in Japan.
(4) The contact with their mother tongues and the consciousness of their national heritage in using their language happen more frequently and more stronger on the part of Korean residents in U. S. A.
Finally, my conclusion is that there is a considerable interrelation between the consciousness-structure and the tradition-consciousness.
Classification:
report
Author:
HANDO Hideaki
Title:
Emphasis of Kakarimusubi, in the Case of koso in Makuranososhi and Tsurezuregusa
Pages:
231-239
Descriptors:
Tsurezuregusa; Makuranososhi; kakarimusubi; koso; emphasis; subjective writings; subjectivity
Abstract:
In the Japanese classics, kakarimusubi has an effect of emphasis. For example, in Makuranososhi and Tsurezurekusa kakarimusubi of `koso' is often used when the authors want to describe people's inner lives and judgements. This gives us the idea that kakarimusubi in the case of `koso' emphasizes the content o1 the sentences which express what people really feel in their heart. Therefore, when it is used in writing objectively, `KOSO' weakens the objectivity of the content and tends to make it more subjective.
Classification:
note
Author:
MIZUTANI Sizuo
Title:
An Expression Pattern of Dating in Newspaper Stories
Pages:
240-244
Descriptors:
newspaper stories; dating; ``madeni''; ``wakaru''; questionnaire

Vol. 18 No. 6 (Sep. 11, 1992)

Classification:
paper
Author:
MIYAZIMA Tatuo
Title:
Loan Words in Japanese and German
Pages:
263-287
Descriptors:
loan words; Japanese; German; vocabulary growth; semantic field
Abstract:
Loan words from classical Chinese are so deeply assimilated into Japanese that they are usually regarded as a different group from those from other sources (mainly of European origin). As Latin played a similar role in the vocabulary growth of German, we examined here loan words in the narrow sense excluding loans from classical Chinese in Japanese and those from Latin in German. 542 Japanese and 470 German words were taken from The Japan Times' ``Six-Language Dictionary'' with ca. 10,000 items. The main results are as follows:
(1) There are more synonyms between loans and translations in Japanese than in German.
(2) Most Japanese loans were adopted in the 19th and 20th centuries while German borrowed many foreign words from the 16th through the 19th century.
(3) 77% of Japanese loans came from English and 60% of German ones from French.
(4) Many Japanese loans express products and equipment, and words concerning human beings and human behavior are more numerous in German than in Japanese.
Classification:
report
Author:
NAKANO Hiroshi
Title:
On the Distribution of Word Origin and Parts of Speech in the Japanese Children's Songs
Pages:
288-300
Descriptors:
children's song; word origin; parts of speech; GKR; MVR
Abstract:
The distribution of Japanese word origin and parts of speech is different between a song and many children's songs. Wago (pure Japanese) and Tai (noun group) have ordinarily high frequency. But many songs which have high frequency of other word origin and parts of speech are found by my investigation. They are the character of children's songs. MVR and GKR value are gotten by the following formula.
```
     MVR = Sou (adjective group) X 100 / You (verb group)
     GKR = Gairaigo (loans from the other languages) X 100 / Kango (Chinese loans)
```
The song which has low frequency of Tai and high MVR value describes a scene. The song of low Tai and low MVR value describes an action. The style of songs which has low frequency of Wago and high GKR value is light, modern and foreign. The style of low Wago and low GKR value is hard. MVR value was proposed by Prof. Tadao Kabashima.
Classification:
note
Author:
SHIMAMURA Naomi
Title:
A Method for Sorting Headwords according to Japanese Dictionary Order on Personal Computers
Pages:
301-307
Descriptors:
headwords; sorting; Japanese dictionary order; personal computers

Vol. 18 No. 7 (Dec. 10, 1992)

Classification:
paper
Author:
SANADA Haruko
Title:
Comparison of Effectiveness of various Basic Vocabularies
Pages:
311-323
Descriptors:
basic vocabulary; Japanese; English; French; Spanish; effectiveness
Abstract:
Classification:
report
Author:
HONG Min Pyo
Title:
A Contrastive Study of Politeness Consciousness of Japanese and Korean
Pages:
324-335
Descriptors:
international communication; consciousness of politeness; the way to perceive politeness; language society; politeness of voice
Abstract:
Classification:
report
Author:
ISII Hisao
Title:
Length of Lines of Japanese Modern Poetry
Pages:
336-347
Descriptors:
Japanese modern poetry; line; length; number of characters
Abstract:
Classification:
note
Authors:
MARUYAMA Hiroshi and OGINO Shiho
Title:
A Statistical Property of Japanese Phrase-to-Phrase Modifications
Pages:
348-352
Descriptors:
Japanese syntactic analysis; range of phrase; frequency; distance of modification; Zipf's law

Vol 18 No. 8 (Mar. 11, 1993)

Classification:
paper
Author:
SHIMAMURA Naomi
Title:
Communication Consciousness of Japanese University Students: Results of Questionnaire Conducted on University Students in the Kantoo Area(2)
Pages:
369-381
Descriptors:
university students; linguistic communication; consciousness; Kantoo area
Abstract:
Classification:
paper
Authors:
JIN Ming-Zhe, KABASIMA Tadao, and MURAKAMI Masakatsu
Title:
The Positioning of Commas in Sentences and Writing Style
Pages:
382-391
Descriptors:
writing styles; positioning of comma; cluster analysis; principal component analysis; canonical discriminant analysis
Abstract:
Classification:
report
Author:
ISII Hisao
Title:
Kana Spellings in Japanese Short Poetry Today
Pages:
392-411
Descriptors:
tanka; modern Japanese short poetry; classical kana spelling; modern kana spelling
Abstract:

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